Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 in Food Processing and Preservation: A Comprehensive Review of AI, IoT, Robotics, and Blockchain Technologies

Abstract

The food processing and preservation sector is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by the adoption of Industry 4.0 and the emerging principles of Industry 5.0. These frameworks emphasize the integration of advanced digital technologies with intelligent, human-centric, and sustainable manufacturing systems. Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and blockchain technologies are increasingly being employed to enhance processing efficiency, product quality, food safety, and supply chain transparency. AI enables predictive analytics, process optimization, and real-time quality assessment, while IoT-based sensor networks facilitate continuous monitoring of critical processing and storage parameters. Robotics and automation improve hygiene, precision, and operational efficiency, whereas blockchain enhances traceability, accountability, and trust across food supply chains. The transition toward Industry 5.0 further emphasizes resilience, sustainability, and human–machine collaboration. Despite the significant advantages, challenges related to cost, data interoperability, cybersecurity, and workforce skills persist. This review discusses the evolution, need, and scope of digital transformation in food processing and preservation within the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 paradigms, highlighting future opportunities for sustainable and resilient food systems.