Optimal Design and Energy Management of a Solar PV Wind Battery Microgrid for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging

Abstract

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) creates a growing demand for sustainable and reliable charging infrastructure while simultaneously increasing pressure on utility grids. This study proposes an optimal solar photovoltaic (PV)–wind–battery microgrid with a coordinated Energy Management System (EMS) for sustainable EV charging. A multi-objective design framework is developed to determine appropriate PV, wind, and energy-storage capacities by considering system cost and energy availability. The EMS coordinates renewable generation, battery charging/discharging, utility-grid interaction, and EV charging according to renewable-surplus, balanced, and deficit operating conditions. The proposed system is modelled and evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink under variable renewable generation and EV-demand conditions. The optimized configuration comprises 17.5 kW PV, 13 kW wind generation, and 24 kWh energy storage. Compared with the initial design, the optimized configuration reduces system cost by 14.8% while increasing energy availability from 95.2% to 99.1%. Coordinated energy management increases renewable-energy utilization from 76.3% to 90.4%, reduces demand not met from 4.8% to 0.9%, decreases renewable curtailment to 4.8%, and reduces grid-energy requirement by 27.6%. EV charging continuity reaches 99.0%. These results demonstrate that complementary renewable sizing combined with coordinated energy management can improve economic performance, renewable utilization, energy availability, and charging reliability in renewable-energy-based EV charging microgrids.