Blockchain Technology Adoption in Supply Chain Management: An Integrated Framework of Organizational Capabilities, Adoption Barriers, and Performance Outcomes

Abstract

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation in supply chain management due to its potential to enhance transparency, traceability, security, and operational efficiency. Despite these advantages, blockchain adoption in supply chains remains limited because of organizational, technological, and operational challenges. This study examines the relationships between organizational capabilities, adoption barriers, blockchain technology adoption, and supply chain performance. The research integrates the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework with Dynamic Capabilities Theory to develop a comprehensive conceptual model. Data were collected from 560 supply chain professionals across multiple industries in India using a structured questionnaire. The collected responses were analyzed using SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS to evaluate the proposed hypotheses and mediation effects. The findings indicate that organizational capabilities are positively associated with blockchain technology adoption, whereas adoption barriers negatively influence adoption. The results further reveal that blockchain adoption is positively associated with supply chain performance in terms of operational efficiency, transparency, and coordination. Additionally, blockchain technology adoption partially mediates the relationship between organizational factors and supply chain performance. The study contributes to the existing literature by presenting an integrated framework that simultaneously examines enabling factors, adoption barriers, and performance outcomes within the context of an emerging economy. The findings also provide practical insights for managers and policymakers seeking to implement blockchain technology in supply chain operations.